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skillfully swings an insect collection net along a row of mature apple trees in an orchard in southern New Hampshire. He walks down the row, tracing the net back and forth next to the apple trees, joking that his lacrosse skills are finally being put to good use while he avoids disrupting the recent white blossoms covering each tree. Favreau鈥檚 research goals are to understand how Granite State farmers鈥� management of their crops affects bee populations, which in turn, help food producers succeed. The work supports scientist 鈥檚 broader research goals of improving the quantity and quality of ecosystem services derived from agriculture.

This work represents the close integration of the of UNH's land-grant mission: research, teaching and extension. As Favreau鈥檚 research helps move Station science forward, it is part of his studies in the UNH College of Life Sciences and Agriculture (COLSA) and is informed by his experience in the .

Why Types of Bees Are in New Hampshire Orchards?

鈥淭hrough my role with Extension, I鈥檝e worked with New Hampshire farmers, many of whom expressed an interest in knowing the types of bees that they have on their farms,鈥� says Favreau, who is also the diagnostic services program manager for . 鈥淎ll these different bee species have different needs, and the farmers want to know which species are out there helping them create their product and make a profit.鈥�

He adds, 鈥淎nother goal is to look at the growing practices employed at these different orchards to identify trends or patterns that potentially result in the presence or absence of different bee species.鈥�

Apples are one of the Granite State鈥檚 top-produced agricultural commodities. , New Hampshire is home to 228 farms that grow 50 varieties of apples across nearly 1,500 acres of land. In 2017, Granite State apple farmers harvested a crop valued at upwards of $8.6 million.

Back at the orchard, Favreau鈥檚 net has dozens of buzzing insects鈥攎ostly bees鈥攖hat represent a sample of different and nonnative species ranging from the more easily identifiable European honeybee (Apis mellifera) and eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) to the lesser-known mason (Osmia bicornis) and carpenter (Xylocopa genus) bees. Favreau, whose research focus is in environmental conservation and sustainability, is in the middle of a two-week data collection sprint when New Hampshire apple trees bloom. The study requires long days鈥攕ometimes surveying at as many as three orchards per day鈥攚hile crisscrossing the state to capture data at 25 different orchards and ensuring that he doesn鈥檛 miss this narrow window, which can vary in different parts of New Hampshire.

鈥淚 wanted to make sure I collect only when the blooms are present so that I can share with the farmers what bee pollinators are active during this time,鈥� says Favreau, still swinging his net as he nears the end of the row. 鈥淒ifferent bees are out at different times of the year. However, many bee species that are out during the bloom, helping to pollinate apples and other plants, may not be around later in the year or even later in the month鈥攕o it鈥檚 important to sample during this time.鈥�

A Team Effort

Fortunately, Favreau is supported by a team that includes graduate and undergraduate COLSA students, as well as Extension specialists and the farmers themselves. At each orchard, Favreau and his team employ a combination of active and passive data collection. The active method鈥攖he netting鈥攊s conducted at least twice per day along three different 100-meter-long transects, with three 15-minute collection events (or passes with the net) being performed along each transect. The three transects represent three different parts of the orchard: the middle, an edge and along a row of 鈥攁 variety that nearly every regional orchard grows. Passive collection involves using bright-yellow plastic bowls filled with soapy water to attract bees.

Once completed, Favreau and his team will have conducted 18 collection events per farm, or 450 in total. Overall, they will have collected bee species from orchards in all 10 Granite State counties.

鈥淚 love bees,鈥� Favreau says. 鈥淚 did some undergraduate research on bees, and honestly I鈥檓 curious鈥擨 want to know how the bee communities around the state are similar or different.鈥�

鈥淚 know a lot about bees,鈥� he adds, 鈥渁nd I hope that by the end of this I鈥檒l know a hell of a lot about apples, too.鈥�

鈥淪o many of our favorite local and regional foods, including apples, rely on there being an adequate abundance of bees,鈥� says Smith, an associate professor in the natural resources and the environment department and Favreau鈥檚 master鈥檚 thesis adviser. 鈥淯nfortunately, we also know that across the globe, pollinator numbers are declining.鈥�

鈥淪hyloh鈥檚 work will shed new light on the health of bee communities here in New Hampshire and will provide apple growers in our state and elsewhere with knowledge of the specific types of bees that visit orchards,鈥� Smith adds, 鈥渁s well as insight into the farm management practices that are likely to help protect bee populations.鈥�