麻豆app

To help pay for her college education, Carrie Chapman Catt worked as a dishwasher, in the school鈥檚 library and as a teacher in rural schools. When she graduated from Iowa University in 1880, she was the only woman in her class.

Catt went on to become San Francisco鈥檚 first female reporter and later, the first superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa. But her passion 听belonged to the women鈥檚 suffrage movement. Catt听is credited with implementing a state-by-state plan to gain support for women鈥檚 right to vote and twice served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Then, on Feb. 14, 1920, six months before the 19th Amendment was ratified, she founded the League of Women Voters (LWV).

Catt saw the new bipartisan organization, referred to at the time as 鈥渁 mighty political experiment,鈥� as a way to unite women and educate them on issues they would face at the ballot box. Addressing local and national issues, the league adopted 69 goals during the first year alone, covering such areas as education, morals, gainful occupations for women and the high price of homes, among others.

鈥淲e haven鈥檛 marched in recent history, but if the issue came up, I can鈥檛 say we won鈥檛.鈥澨�

鈥淭he League of Women Voters was a pretty radical organization in the '20s,鈥� says history professor Janet Polasky. 鈥淭hey were saying it was to educate women on voting, but they were working on other issues as well 鈥� child welfare, public health, independent citizenship for married women. Those were not small goals.鈥�

The LWV encouraged government involvement with 鈥淜now Your Town鈥� surveys and candidate questionnaires. In 1928, they sponsored 鈥淢eet the Candidates,鈥� the first national radio broadcast of a forum introducing candidates to the public.

鈥淭he League of Women Voters had a real role in helping women understand how to participate in the public sphere of politics when they previously had been relegated to the private, domestic sphere,鈥� says Emily Baer-Bositis, assistant professor of political science. 鈥淒uring the early years after suffrage, the national and state organizations taught women about the rights, opportunities and obligations afforded to them as citizens. League meetings gave women a safe space to learn how to discuss and deliberate on public policy issues 鈥� and ultimately, to develop the skills necessary to participate in a democracy.鈥�

The league lost some of its momentum, however, during the Great Depression, and chapters across the country began dying out. According to the LWV, between 1924 and 1934, membership fell from 100,000 to 44,000. The onset of WWII brought gas rationing, leading women to meet in their neighborhoods and communities rather than traveling afar. Meanwhile, league members worked to help establish the United Nations. They also supported the creation of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, NATO and the Marshall Plan.

Membership rose again in the 1950s. Polasky recalls her own mother鈥檚 involvement with the LVW; she became president of the Ann Arbor, Michigan league in 1967. At the time, many of the members were traditional housewives. Polasky鈥檚 mother had wanted to join the foreign service; she ended up having three children before that could happen.

鈥淢y mother had been involved in politics and the league became her outlet," Polasky says. 鈥淭here were other women like her, who had so much to give. The league just took that energy and found a way to make it work for them.鈥�

On a local level, that work involved a study of long-term planning for the Ann Arbor area and an evaluation of housing and medical care facilities, according to a newspaper article from May 4, 1967 that announced Mrs. Alan Polasky as the newly elected president. In the accompanying photo, she is seen pouring tea for other members. Similar photos appeared in papers around the country.

鈥淎ll these women pouring tea appeared so nonthreatening, but they were not shrinking from anything,鈥� Polasky says. 鈥淚n some ways, so many of the issues we view as cutting-edge today, the League of Women Voters were already doing. I remember hearing discussions on how to get fair housing; how to get bus service so people could get to work; civil rights.鈥�

And she recalls a later newspaper piece where her mother discussed issues that hadn鈥檛 yet gained the support the local LWV sought. 鈥淲e haven鈥檛 marched in recent history, but if the issue came up, I can鈥檛 say we won鈥檛,鈥� Mary Polasky was quoted as saying.

In 1974, the League of Women Voters, which has local, state and national groups, made the decision to allow men to join the organization. Two years later, they sponsored the first presidential debates since 1960 and won an Emmy for their efforts.

鈥淥ne of the things that is especially unique about the league is its complete commitment to non-partisanship.听It鈥檚 important to remember that one of the primary strategies employed by suffragettes in the early 20^th听century was endorsements of Republican and Democratic candidates for office who supported women鈥檚 right to vote 鈥� an explicitly partisan act,鈥� Baer-Bositis says.

鈥淚n the aftermath of the 19^th听Amendment, the two parties saw the National League of Women Voters as an independent electoral threat,鈥� she says. 鈥淪ome were even fearful that the league (and other women鈥檚 organizations) would ultimately develop into their own independent 鈥榳omen鈥檚 party鈥� rooted in 鈥榞ender solidarity.鈥� This electoral threat incentivized the two parties to create leadership opportunities for women within their own ranks 鈥� positions that still exist today in both the Democratic National Committee and the Republican National Committee.鈥�

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